Date (‘Exclusive’ filter)

The option for ‘Exclusive’ dating refers to inscriptions that are dated specifically to the chronological window chosen in the ‘from’ and ‘to’ bars. For example, a search spanning 500 BCE to 400 BCE (-500 to -400) would only show inscriptions whose date range comes within this range, and does not include those that overlap with it, i.e. it would show inscriptions dating -500 to -470, but not inscriptions dating -530 to -501 or -520 to -470. De-selecting the ‘Exclusive’ filter (making it ‘Inclusive’) would expand search results to include not only inscriptions dating specifically to the period -500 to -400, but also those that encompass that overlap or encompass that range, e.g. inscriptions only broadly dating -600 to -100.

Date Certainty

This refers to the level of certainty that an inscription dates to the period of the 7th-1st centuries BCE; for example, an inscription roughly dateable only to the 1st century BCE-1st century CE would be classified as ‘UNCERTAIN’ in its dating, whereas an inscription dateable to 100-50 BCE would be ‘CERTAIN’.

Document Type

This refers to the generic type of the inscribed document.

Authority

This refers to the type of human agent that undertook the relevant monetary activity, as defined by types of states, associations of individuals, and individuals. In grammatical terms, AUTHORITY represents the ‘subject’ of the clause.

Activity

This refers to the type of monetary activity undertaken by the agent in AUTHORITY. Pursuing the grammatical metaphor, ACTIVITY constitutes the ‘verb’ of the clause.

Purpose/Focus

This refers to the objective or main thematic focus of the monetary activity. For instance, an INDIVIDUAL might carry out SPENDING with the objective of undertaking CONSTRUCTION, but a CITY may also enact a REGULATION whose thematic focus is the administration of TAXATION. As such, PURPOSE/FOCUS may be broadly understood as the ‘object’ in a clause constituted earlier by a subject (AUTHORITY) and verb (ACTIVITY).

Context/Field of Action

This refers primarily to the context and quality of the objective and focus defined in PURPOSE/FOCUS. An INDIVIDUAL carrying out SPENDING with the objective of undertaking CONSTRUCTION might be doing so within the institutional context of the GYMNASIUM (as in the construction of parts of a gymnasium building), or alternatively within the conceptual field of the RELIGIOUS (as in the construction of a shrine or temple). A CITY enacting a REGULATION whose thematic focus is the administration of TAXATION may be doing so in relation to an IMPERIAL power. Similarly, a CITY enacting a REGULATION whose thematic focus is PROPERTY (LAND) may be doing so in relation to the making of a CONTRACT (LEASE). As such, CONTEXT/FIELD OF ACTION may be understood to function as the ‘adverb’ in a clause constituted earlier by a subject (AUTHORITY), verb (ACTIVITY), and object (PURPOSE/FOCUS).

Commodity

This refers to the type of material used when making a gift or honorific item out of precious metal, most commonly in the case of honorific crowns and statues.

Monetary Material

This refers to the metal-type of the coinage, or the nature of the commodity, as used in a monetary transaction or gift, where this is indicated.

Coin Denomination/Unit of Monetary Measurement

This refers primarily to the denomination of coin used in a monetary transaction involving coinage.

ACCOUNT (CONSTRUCTION)

A document that constitutes an account of the expenses relating to specific building work.

ACCOUNT (TREASURY)

A document that constitutes an account of the holdings of a public or sacred treasury, as distinct from accounts of dedications (for which see INVENTORY (DEDICATIONS)).

ALTAR

An inscription carved on an altar, functioning to all intents and purposes like a dedicatory inscription, but which is distinct in presenting only the name of the god in the genitive case. This also includes dedicatory inscriptions which explicitly dedicate an altar (βωμός) to a god.

ASTROLOGICAL TEXT

A document recording names or terms of an astrological nature and significance.

ATHLETIC HONORIFIC INSCRIPTION (STATUE-BASE)

An inscription specifically honouring an athletic victor, sometimes framed as a normal honorific formula, but often also distinct in placing the honorand in the nominative, and accompanied occasionally by an epigram; this does not include inscriptions where athletic achievements only form one part of a longer description of the honorand’s accomplishments.

BOUNDARY MARKER

A document carved on a monument that functions to record and maintain the boundary between two spaces.

BOUNDARY MARKER (FUNERARY)

A document carved on a monument that functions to record and maintain the territorial limits of a funerary precinct.

CURSE TABLET

A document comprising the record of a curse made by an individual against another, often including the reasons for doing so, and typically on a material other than stone, like lead or bronze.

DECREE

A document whose formal characteristics identify it as a decree of some sort, but whose fragmentariness makes its content or purpose unclear.

DEDICATION (ARCHITECTURAL)

An inscription commemorating the dedication of an architectural structure, often inscribed on an architraval block or a wall-block of this structure itself. This also includes inscriptions commemorating the dedication of specific architectural members, like columns.

DEDICATION (ARETALOGY)

A dedicatory inscription that also features an aretalogy, an account of the virtues of a god.

DEDICATION (LAND)

A dedicatory inscription commemorating the dedication of landed property to a god and its sanctuary.

DEDICATION (VOTIVE)

An inscription carved onto a non-architectural object functioning as a votive offering made by an individual or individuals, typically featuring the name of the dedicator in the nominative, and the god to whom the dedication is made in the dative.

EDICT

A document recording the unilateral command of a high power, usually a king or dynast, to a lower one, typically a city.

FUNERARY INSCRIPTION

An inscription carved onto a monument or funerary receptacle of a deceased person, typically presenting the name or names of the individual/s commemorated in the nominative case. This also includes more elaborate forms, such as funerary inscriptions which present an honorific formula, by which descendants commemorate their deceased family member.

FUNERARY INSCRIPTION (EPIGRAM)

A funerary inscription that features or sometimes is comprised entirely of an epigram in elegiac couplets commemorating the life of the deceased.

GRAFFITO

This denotes any brief inscription that is not evidently of a public-facing in nature; this also includes certain engravings on materials other than monumental stone, such as rock-cut inscriptions.

HONORIFIC DECREE

A document framed in the formal language of a corporate decision (accompanied by a dating formula and indications of the officials present at the meeting) comprising an account of the beneficent services of an individual, and a resolution by a corporate body (usually a civic authority or an association) to confer legal and symbolic privileges on that individual.

HONORIFIC INSCRIPTION

An inscription comprising an honorific formula, by which a corporate body, in the nominative case, expresses its act of honouring an individual who had benefitted it, phrased in the accusative case, but whose monumental support is unclear. This also applies to inscriptions that are obviously honorific in character, but do not present an honorific formula, as well as inscriptions commemorating honorific burial by the city.

HONORIFIC INSCRIPTION (STATUE-BASE)

An inscription consisting primarily of an honorific formula inscribed on a statue-base; in rare cases, an honorific inscription is phrased as an epigram (as indicated by the title of the entry).

HONORIFIC INSCRIPTION (STELE)

An inscription consisting of an honorific formula inscribed on a stele.

HYMN OF PRAISE

An extended text in verse praising a city, god, or a high-achieving individual, as distinct from briefer epigrams.

INSCRIBED GOLD LEAF

An inscription on gold leaf.

INSCRIBED MISSILE

This denotes a military object, like a sling-bullet or catapult-ball, inscribed with marks indicating its weight.

INSCRIBED VESSEL

This denotes a ceramic vessel with an inscription; this includes genres like amphora stamps.

INSCRIBED WEIGHT

This denotes a hand-sized weight used in commercial transactions, inscribed with its weight in a measure-word.

INVENTORY

A document that list items that are not of an outwardly or perceptibly religious or dedicatory nature, e.g. books in a library.

INVENTORY (DEDICATIONS)

A document presenting a catalogue of the precious objects dedicated by various individuals and states at a sanctuary, often including the weight and monetary value of these items.

INVENTORY (LAND)

A document that presents a catalogue of landed properties.

LAW

A document that outlines measures that had been resolved upon, and are phrased as commandments rather than propositions (for which see NON-HONORIFIC DECREE), and which concern non-sacred matters, like public office-holding and finances (as distinct from SACRED REGULATION).

LEX

A document representing the inscribed copy of a decision passed at the Roman tribal assembly, as distinct from that of the Roman Senate (for which see SENATUS CONSULTUM).

LIST (CITIES)

A document presenting a list of cities.

LIST (CITIZENS)

A document presenting a list of individuals who had recently acquired the citizenship of the relevant civic community.

LIST (EPHEBES)

A document presenting a list of youth undertaking training at the gymnasium.

LIST (HONORIFIC CROWNING)

A document presenting a list of individuals who were to receive honorific crowning at ceremonial occasions.

LIST (MONTHS)

A document presenting a list of month-names.

LIST (NAMES)

A document presenting a list of names of individuals whose broader purpose is unclear.

LIST (OFFICIALS)

A document presenting a list of officials, typically but not exclusively those of a civic community (e.g. magistrates, priests, military commanders).

LIST (PROXENOI)

A document presenting a list of individuals with the status of guest-friend (proxenos).

LIST (SUBSCRIPTION)

A document presenting a list of several contributors towards a particular project, sometimes preceded by a decree or opening document, and the amounts of money each contributor contributed. For records of monetary donations by individuals towards specific projects, see RECORD (DONATIONS).

LIST (TRIBES)

A document presenting a list of civic tribes.

LIST (VICTORS)

A document presenting a list of athletic victors.

LITERARY TEXT

An inscribed text that explicitly alludes to or engages with literary texts known from the manuscript tradition.

MASON’S MARK

This denotes brief inscriptions or incisions made on architectural members that probably served to a mason’s work.

MEASURING STONE

This denotes items consisting of a large stone or stone-table inscribed with marks or words denoting weights, for use in measuring items as part of a commercial transaction.

NIKE INSCRIPTION

An inscription commemorating the victory, nike, of an individual or faction of individuals, usually in the context of athletic competition.

NON-HONORIFIC DECREE

A document that presents, in the formalised and ritualised language of an official decree, an outline of an issue or problem concerning any other aspect of civic life (e.g. finances, the procedure for electing priests and magistrates, a moratorium on debt, a declaration of war) than the honouring of benefactors, followed by the resolution of a corporate body to response to it.

NOTICE

An inscription featuring a brief statement of a public-facing nature, but which mainly describes a place or fact, and not an action that has been taken (for which see RECORD), e.g. inscriptions indicating the territory of the city for military defense, or the threat of a penalty against misbehaviour.

OFFICIAL LETTER

A piece of inscribed correspondence between two political authorities.

RECORD (CONTRACT)

A document that records the drafting of a contract, typically towards the creation of a public good, as in contracts for building works.

RECORD (DONATIONS)

A document recording monetary and non-monetary donations by an individual towards a single or several ends, as distinct from a subscription, which records donations by multiple individuals towards a single purpose (for which see LIST (SUBSCRIPTION).

RECORD (EPIPHANY)

A document that recounts the manifestation of a god.

RECORD (FINES)

A document that records fines exacted by a political, mainly civic, authority.

RECORD (INITIATION)

A document recording a ritual of initiation.

RECORD (LEASE)

A document that records the creation of a lease.

RECORD (MANUMISSION)

A document recording the manumission of a slave.

RECORD (MYTHICAL HISTORY)

A document recounting mythical past of a civic community.

RECORD (ORACLE)

A document recording an oracle given by a prophetic authority, such as that of Apollo at Delphi or Klaros.

RECORD (SACRIFICE)

A document recording the carrying out of a sacrifice.

RECORD (TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES)

A document recording the territorial boundaries between two civic states.

RECORD OF ARBITRATION

A document recording the arbitration and resolution of a dispute (often territorial) between two cities.

RECORD OF FOUNDATION

A document that records the donations made posthumously by an individual to a community, usually posthumously or during the donor’s lifetime but with the intention of lasting posthumous validity, and measures taken to administer them.

RECORD OF PRIESTHOOD

A document recording and commemorating the completion of a priesthood; these are especially common at Didyma and Stratonikeia.

RECORD OF SALE

A document that records a commercial transaction.

RELIEF CAPTION

An inscription intended to accompany and explain an artistic depiction sculpted in relief.

RHODIAN HONORIFIC INSCRIPTION (STATUE-BASE)

A type of honorific inscription where the honorand is presented in one of three ways: 1) in the nominative, and not the normal accusative, with the dedicators or honouring individuals following also in the nominative; 2) in the genitive, as the honorand on whose behalf (ὑπέρ) the statue was set up; 3) in both the nominative and genitive. This style is especially common at Rhodes and its peraia.

SACRED REGULATION

A document which presents a series of instructions on sacred matters in an imperative tone, which may have originally arisen out of a decree, but whose characteristics rather resemble a law.

SACRED REGULATION (PROHIBITION)

A type of sacred regulation where instructions are more openly restrictive than instructive, in explicitly prohibiting certain kinds of behaviour, and outlining consequences for disobedience.

SCULPTOR’S SIGNATURE

This denotes a monumental base whose only known inscription comprises the sculptor’s signature, even if other inscriptions may originally have existed on the monument as an original whole.

SENATUS CONSULTUM

A document representing the inscribed copy of a resolution made by the Roman Senate.

TOPOS INSCRIPTION

An inscription that records a place and the name of a person claiming to possess it.

TREATY

A document outlining the agreement made between two communities, sometimes including a record of the oath taken by the parties concerned.

TREATY (OATH)

A document where only the oath relating to a treaty is preserved, but not the treaty itself.

UNCERTAIN

This denotes a document whose generic type cannot be defined with assurance.

ASSOCIATION

This denotes actions taken by a non-civic association of individuals primarily based not on political citizenship, ancestral descent, or geographical locale, but rather on common activities and vocations, such as the associations of worshippers of a particular god, associations of youths at gymnasia, or groups of resident Romans and Italians.

ACHAIMENID MONARCH

This denotes actions taken by a monarch of the Achaimenid Persian empire (547-334 BCE).

ATHENIANS

This denotes actions taken by the city of Athens while it ruled the Aegean basin over much of the 5th century BCE (478-404 BCE).

CITY

This denotes actions taken by a political body based in a community formed on the model of the Greek polis, as most often manifested in the form of a council or popular assembly.

DEME

This denotes actions taken by demes, in the sense of organisations forming sub-units of a larger civic body defined primarily as geographical units within that larger body, as with the demes of Kos or Rhodes.

DIONYSIAC ARTISTS

This denotes actions taken by the organisation of the Dionysiac artists, who formed a unique type of association in being trans-civic in character, while not being a federation of cities in the sense of a koinon based around a particular region.

DYNAST

This denotes actions taken by dynastic rulers who exercised autocratic, quasi-royal authority, but who ranked beneath and operated within the political framework of Hellenistic monarchs.

FEDERATION

This denotes actions taken by a federation or association of cities, often described as a koinon.

HELLENISTIC MONARCH

This denotes actions taken by a Hellenistic monarch, by which is meant a ruler belonging to any of the Seleukid, Ptolemaic, Antigonid, Attalid, Bithynian, Kappadokian or Pontic dynasties that dominated the Anatolian peninsula from the late 4th to 1st centuries BCE.

INDIVIDUAL

This denotes actions produced or commissioned by individuals, where individual agency can be clearly distinguished from the actions of a larger body, as in the making of benefactions, donations, and dedications.

LYDIAN MONARCH

This denotes actions taken by a monarch of the Mermnad dynasty of Lydia (c. 680-547 BCE).

RHODIANS

This denotes actions taken by the Rhodians specifically in relation to their overseas possessions in southwestern Karia, in the context of taxation or military command; for other types of action the Rhodians are treated like any other city, and designated by CITY

ROMANS

This denotes actions taken by individual Roman commanders, or the corporate decision-making bodies of the Roman Republic, in the Senate and popular comitia.

SANCTUARY

This denotes actions taken within the context of sanctuaries, where this can be differentiated from a more broadly civic context. For instance, this is the case with leases of land made by sanctuaries.

TRIBE

This denotes actions taken by tribes, in the sense of organisations formally constituting sub-divisions of a larger civic body based on common kinship and descent; this is sometimes closely related to DEME.

UNCERTAIN

This denotes actions taken by agents who cannot be identified from the text, whether for its state of preservation or otherwise.

VILLAGE

This denotes actions taken by communities that asserted a political identity of their own, but were smaller than civic communities, and were usually defined by terms like katoikia or kome. Included under this are groups defined as suggeneiai, where these constitute independent entities but do not formally constitute tribes of a city.

CONTRACT

This refers to the drawing up of a contract, usually between a city and individuals, and usually concerning the leasing or farming out of monetary payments to be made to the city towards specific ends, as in the setting up of a stele, or building work.

CONVEYANCE

This denotes the transfer of items and property resulting from a legal agreement or penalty, not as a gift or voluntary donation (for which see GIFT), as distinct from monetary payment arising out of an agreement or penalty, for which see SPENDING, PENALTY.

GIFT

This denotes the donation of possessions or commodities, such as land and other forms of non-monetary property, which may be monetised later on (through sale), but whose donation in itself comprised a sheer act of giving distinct from monetary expense towards a particular end. This sort of donation often serves as a form of benefaction.

LOAN

This denotes lending of money by individuals, either between individuals, or by individuals to a larger entity, like an association or city.

REGULATION

This refers to the drawing up of regulations mainly relating to potential monetary spending which is to take place at various points in the future, as in a law outlining sacrificial duties and penalties for non-compliance. It can also relate to regulations around monetary spending that has already taken place, as with regulations for the administration of a testamentary foundation. The main distinction with SPENDING is that REGULATION concerns activity that is likely to be repeated in the future, where SPENDING mainly denotes spending for a specific and single purpose.

SALE

This denotes the act of selling commodities, where only the act of the seller is recorded, and not that of the buyer or buyers, even if the latter certainly happened. If the buyer is known, this is usually indicated with SPENDING, with SALE qualifying the transaction under CONTEXT/FIELD OF ACTION.

SPENDING

This denotes monetary spending, by individuals, rulers, associations, and states, relating to acts which had taken place in the past, but also to single acts of spending which are to take place in the near-future, and can be counted as spending which would have taken place. This is the case, for instance, with instructions ordering payment for the setting up of a stele or honorific statue.

SPENDING (SUBSCRIPTION)

This denotes spending by a collection of private individuals towards a specific and usually single purpose, as expressed in a document listing these individuals together.

TESTAMENT AND FOUNDATION

This denotes the earmarking of money and property relating to decisions about future action, as found in two main forms. One is the creation of a testamentary will, outlining a bequest or the use of funds for a specific purpose, like setting up a statue, or a posthumous cult. The second is in the creation within one’s lifetime of foundations of capital, in money, property, or both, towards specific ends which are conceived as continuing beyond the donor’s lifetime, as with a posthumous cult, but also fund towards supplying oil, for example. Both types are not exclusive, and thus warrant consideration under the same heading.

UNCERTAIN

This denotes monetary activity whose nature is uncertain, even if mention is made in the text of its agent and purpose.

ALTAR

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to altars set up for the worship of the gods.

ARCHIVES

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the running of public archives, such as in the purchase of writing material; archives were also inextricably linked to monetary management and record-keeping.

ARTISTIC PERFORMANCE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to performances by itinerant artistes, either in standalone displays, or at festivals.

BOOKS

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to books and writing material, like papyrus rolls.

BULLION

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to uncoined precious metal in bullion form that was obtained as a commodity, apart from the minting of coins, for fashioning objects like religious dedications.

CITIZENSHIP

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to citizenship of a civic community.

COMMERCE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the activity of buying and selling, both in terms of specific commodities (apart from specific items in this list, like GRAIN, OIL, WINE, LIVESTOCK) and of the phenomenon of buying and selling in general.

CONSTRUCTION

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the construction of large architectural projects, like public buildings and temples.

CROWN

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the fashioning of crowns, where usually of an honorific nature.

CULT

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the institution and maintenance of localised cults set up in honour of a god or mortal person, such as in cults or cultic foundations founded by private donors established at specific places, or in honorific cults for benefactors. This does not include more general cultic regulations for civic gods and sanctuaries. See also CULT-STATUE, CONSTRUCTION, SACRIFICES.

CULT-STATUE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the fashioning of cult-statues, usually in honour of a god, but on occasion also of a human honorand.

DEDICATION

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the fashioning or purposing of non-monumental objects, such as cult-statues or statuettes, precious-metal vessels, or military booty, as items to be dedicated to a deity or deities.

DEDICATION (ATHLETIC PRIZES)

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the fashioning of prizes awarded to victors in athletic contests, which were often also dedicated to a deity or deities. This does not include prizes made out of sacrificial offerings, as happened with games at the gymnasium, for which see SACRIFICES AND GAMES.

DOCTOR

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the hiring and maintenance of the services of a public doctor within a civic community.

EMBASSY

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to maintenance of an ambassadorial delegation, most often by a civic authority, but sometimes also by kings and non-civic associations; this also includes sacred ambassadors, theoroi. Expenses for ambassadorial missions are sometimes designated by the term ephodion or methodion.

FEASTS AND DISTRIBUTIONS

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to feasts and distributions held in public settings. These were very often but not invariably associated with a sacrificial event or festival, from which the distributions of meat were often made. On occasion, commodities like grain were also distributed.

FESTIVAL

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the running of a religious festival, encompassing elements like processions, sacrifices, and athletic contests. For specific subsets of festival activity, see also SACRIFICES, DEDICATION, DEDICATION (ATHLETIC PRIZES).

FOREIGN JUDGE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the procurement and maintenance of a judicial representative sent by a city to arbitrate local conflict and disputes within another civic community.

GIFT

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the procurement of items intended to serve as gifts. This includes acts that serve as benefactions made out of the generous spirit of an individual donor, but also gifts of an honorific nature conferred by civic communities, where these are not in the more commonly attested form of legal privileges, crowns or statues, but in objects like honorific busts (prosopa), and also monetary sums. Closely related categories are SALARY, XENIA. See also GIFT (SACRIFICIAL MEAT).

GIFT (SACRIFICIAL MEAT)

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the gifting of benefactors with portions of sacrificial meat as a form of honorific recognition.

GRAIN

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the purchase and supply of grain. This also includes gifts of grain, and cases where grain is donated and subsequently monetised through sale.

HEATING

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to heating through the burning of wood, typically in contexts of bathing and sanitation, as in the gymnasium.

INCENSE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the purchase and supply of incense.

INDEMNITY

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the payment of penalties imposed by states on other states, often in the context of the arrangement of a treaty, or as a result of a conflict; this is distinct from penalties imposed by states on individuals, with a mainly localised significance, for which see PENALTY.

LITIGATION

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the fees involved in judicial proceedings between individuals, including paying lawyers and the court, and settlement fees.

LITURGY

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the carrying out of a liturgy, where described in general terms as a leitourgeia, or in specific functions which are described as being liturgical in character or involving personal expense. In general, this category primarily covers the activities of stephanephoroi, agonothetai and choregoi, but overlap with other civic magistracies (such as the gymnasiarchy or public secretaryship), which could at various times assume a liturgical character, would have been inevitable; see also PUBLIC OFFICE.

LIVESTOCK

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs), often but not invariably in the context of sacrificial activities.

LOAN

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the borrowing of money, mainly in cases where the specific purpose of the loan is unclear, or where a text discusses the management or administration of loans. See also LOAN under ACTIVITY, where the specific purpose of the loan is known.

MANUMISSION

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the manumission of slaves.

MARRIAGE AND DOWRY

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the conducting of marriages, including marital rites and the procurement of dowries.

MERCENARIES

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the procurement and maintenance of mercenaries, where their presence is attested through terms like misthophoria, misthophoroi, or xenotrophion.

MILITARY CAMPAIGN

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to specific military events and campaigns, as mentioned in the text.

MILITARY PROVISIONS

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to military equipment and supplies (e.g. shields, weapons, ships), or generalising mentions of money for such purposes (as in interstate treaties of military alliance).

MILITARY SERVICE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to military service by soldiers, militia, or sailors, in a broad sense, where no specific mention is made of equipment or pay, but where these may be assumed, and where there is no clear indication these soldiers were mercenaries.

MONETARY CURRENCY

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the production of monetary currency in the form of coinage.

MURDER

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to intentional homicide between private individuals, such as the hiring of a poisoner, for instance.

OIL

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the purchase and supply of olive oil.

PENALTY

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the payment of fines imposed for wrongdoing or violation of norms and measures, as set out mainly in decrees, laws, and sacred regulations; for penalties imposed between whole communities and states, see INDEMNITY.

PLEDGES

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the provision of pledges as security, mainly in the context of loans and contract-making.

PRICE

This denotes regulations relating to the price of commodities in the context of a commercial transaction.

PRIESTHOOD

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to a priesthood, often in relation to its sale through a public auction, and in regulations on the sacrificial duties of the priest.

PROPERTY

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to property in any form other than land, for example in houses, personal effects and possessions, livestock, and slaves. See also LIVESTOCK and SLAVES.

PROPERTY (LAND)

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to property constituted by landed estates.

PROPERTY RIGHTS (ἔγκτησις)

This denotes regulations relating to the right to own property, in landed and non-landed form, often expressed in terms of a grant of such a right to foreign benefactors.

PUBLIC BURIAL

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to public burial by a corporate body, such as a city or association.

PUBLIC INCOME AND FUNDS

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the income and bodies of earmarked funds under the purview of a corporate body or institution, such as a city, association, or sanctuary.

PUBLIC OFFICE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the holding of an official function. Within the context of cities and associations this refers to magistracies, like the agoranomos, generalship, or gymnasiarchy, but not priesthoods, for which see PRIESTHOOD; it can also refer to functions within a higher framework of political power, such as commands held by official representatives of a federal organisation, or governors of a king.

PUBLIC SPACE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the use and management of public space where a monetary aspect is involved, as in the renting out of the space occupied by a stoa to shopkeepers.

PUBLIC SPACE (HOUSES)

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to housing, where conceived as a subset of publicly managed space.

PUBLIC SPACE (WORKSHOPS)

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to workshops, where conceived as a subset of publicly managed space.

PUBLICATION

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the publication of official documents through their inscription on stone or bronze.

RANSOM

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the ransoming of individuals who had been seized or captured as a result of war, raiding, and piracy.

REWARD

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to awards of money or property as the result of services in a political context, as in the rewards given by a city for overthrowing a tyrant or oligarchy (as distinct to honours), and as distinct from prizes won in athletic contests (for which see DEDICATION (ATHLETIC PRIZES)).

SACRIFICES

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the carrying out of sacrificial activities, including the costs of purchasing animals, fees for making sacrifices, and measures on distributing sacrificial portions to certain individuals, like priests and other honoured people. See also GIFT (SACRIFICIAL MEAT).

SACRIFICES AND GAMES

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the carrying out of sacrificial activities, where these are accompanied by commemorative games – as with athletic contests at the gymnasium – but also to such games alone, which were in any case rarely undertaken without a ritual component.

SALARY

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the compensation of individuals in the service of a state or political power, whether as magistrates or citizens attending an assembly, or soldiers serving a city or paymaster.

SLAVES

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the purchase and commercial acquisition of slaves.

STATUE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the fashioning of statues, where usually of an honorific nature.

TAX-IMMUNITY

This denotes regulations relating to the granting to individuals of immunity from obligations to contribute tax, as in grants to foreign benefactors, but also in the context of agreements on economic privileges arrived at between two states.

TAXATION

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations arising out of tax obligations imposed by a political power, over a range of possible activities and contexts, from dues on the import and export of goods, to taxes on commercial transactions, to the payment of tribute from one state to another. Usually paired with ASSOCIATION, CIVIC, DYNAST, FEDERAL, IMPERIAL under CONTEXT/FIELD OF ACTION.

TESTAMENT AND FOUNDATION

This primarily refers to regulations relating to spending relating to testamentary wills and the creation of longstanding foundations, as represented by TESTAMENT AND FOUNDATION under ACTIVITY.

TIMBER

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the purchase and supply of timber.

UNCERTAIN

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations whose purpose is uncertain due to the fragmentary nature of the text.

YOUTH TRAINING AND EDUCATION

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the training and education of children and youth, most often in the context of the gymnasium and ephebic training.

WINE

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the purchase and supply of wine.

XENIA

This denotes payments, transactions or regulations relating to the offering of public hospitality to guests and benefactors, often in the form of a dining invitation to the council-house or prytaneion, or in monetary payments in lieu of such hospitality, where defined as xenia.

ARBITRATION

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations involving the resolution of disputes within single communities, as with the despatch of foreign judges, or where arbitration was involved, but this was not clearly arbitration between two different states; see also ARBITRATION (INTERSTATE).

ARBITRATION (INTERSTATE)

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations involving the resolution of disputes mainly centred on the determination of a state’s landed boundaries through official judicial process, as opposed to the aftermath of armed conflict or hostility, for which see REPARATION.

ASSOCIATION

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations whose context in the activities of an association is important to stress, as in regulations of the income accrued by an association.

BANK

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations involving a bank or banker.

CIVIC

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations whose civic character is important to stress, as in regulations around the granting of tax-immunity within a city.

CONTRACT

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations involving the drawing up of contracts, primarily between two individuals, but also between individuals and states.

CONTRACT (LEASE)

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations involving the drawing up of contracts which specifically concern the leasing of property for rent, in particular land, but also buildings and public space.

DYNAST

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations whose context within a dynast’s rule is important to stress, as in regulations around tax obligations to such a ruler.

EMERGENCY RELIEF

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations specifically relating to the alleviation of financial difficulty, scarcity, and situations of political crisis, such as the regulation of prices during a period of grain shortage.

EMERGENCY RELIEF (NATURAL DISASTER)

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations specifically relating to the alleviation of circumstances brought about by natural disasters, such as earthquakes.

FEDERAL

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations that have implications for a federal state or organisation, such as its system of collecting funds or taxation, for instance.

FUNERARY

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations taking place within the context of funerary activity, such as the construction of a tomb.

GYMNASIUM

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations within the context of the gymnasium, as in the distribution of oil within a gymnasial setting.

HONORIFIC

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations within the context of an honorific transaction, typically between a city and an individual who had benefitted it, as in the fashioning of an honorific crown for a benefactor.

IMPERIAL

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations that have implications for an imperial state (that is, the agents designated by ACHAIMENID, ATHENIANS, RHODIANS, ROYAL, ROMANS), as in spending for a military campaign involving the forces of a king.

LAND DISTRIBUTION

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations taking place as part of the distribution of land, either within a context not arising out of interstate conflict, or within a single civic community not involving another state (for both of which see ARBITRATION (INTERSTATE)).

LIBRARY

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations within the context of a public library, as in a subscription for the purchase of books.

MILITARY

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations that have a specifically military character, as in military salaries and offices, or the construction of walls and towers.

RELIGIOUS

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations that have a specifically religious character, as in regulations on sacrificial acts, or the construction of temples and shrines.

REPARATION

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations involving the making of reparations as a result of conflicts between states, as opposed to conflicts within states, for which see ARBITRATION.

SALE

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations involving the commercial sale of commodities.

SANCTUARY

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations whose setting within a sanctuary is an important identifying feature worth stressing, as for instance in regulations around the income of a sanctuary.

TRIBE

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations whose setting within a civic tribe is an important identifying feature worth stressing, as for instance in regulations around a tribal magistrate.

TERRITORIAL DEMARCATION

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations involving demarcation of a state’s landed borders in relation to other states, as distinct to demarcation between land held by a city’s citizens, and where this does not seem to have taken place within the context of interstate arbitration (for which see ARBITRATION (INTERSTATE)).

VILLAGE

This refers to payments, transactions or regulations whose setting within a village is an important identifying feature worth stressing, as for instance in regulations around th public income accrued by a village.

GOLD

This refers to objects made out of or involving gold metal.

SILVER

This refers to objects made out of or involving silver metal.

BRONZE

This refers to objects made out of or involving a bronze compound metal.

MARBLE

This refers to objects made out of or involving marble.

GOLD

This refers to coinage in gold specie.

SILVER

This refers to coinage in silver specie.

BRONZE

This refers to coinage in bronze specie.

ELECTRUM

This refers to coinage in electrum specie.

OIL

This refers to payments in commodity using oil.

GRAIN

This refers to payments in commodity using grain.

WINE

This refers to payments in commodity using wine.

WOOD

This refers to payments in commodity using wood.

HONEY

This refers to payments in commodity using honey.

INCENSE

This refers to payments in commodity using incense.

AIGINETAN STATER

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the stater, defined as ‘Aiginetan’.

ALEXANDREIAN CHRUSOS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the gold stater, defined as ‘Alexandreian’.

ALEXANDREIAN DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Alexandreian'.

ALEXANDREIAN TALENT

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the talent, defined as ‘Alexandreian’.

ANTIOCHEIAN DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Antiocheian’.

ARGURION

This refers to a payment where the monetary sum is simply defined as being of silver, argurion.

ARGURION ASEMON

This refers to a payment where the monetary sum consisted of uncoined silver and is referred to as argurion asemon.

ARGURION DOKIMON

This refers to a payment where the monetary sum consisted of coined silver accepted as legal tender, and is referred to as argurion dokimon.

ARGURION EPISEMON

This refers to a payment where the monetary sum consisted of coined silver and is referred to as argurion episemon.

ARGURON

This refers to a payment where the monetary sum is simply defined as being of silver, arguron.

ASSARION

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the Roman assarion.

ATTALIC DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Attalic’.

ATTIC DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Attic’.

ATTIC TALENT

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the talent, defined as ‘Attic’.

BULLION

This refers to a payment where the monetary sum consisted of unworked and uncoined precious metal, but where this was not denoted by terminology used for coined metal (drachmas, talents, etc.) or the more standard ARGURION or CHRUSION.

CHALKOS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the bronze chalkos.

CHALKOS HEKTOS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the bronze sixth unit, chalkos hektos.

CHRUSION

This refers to a payment where the monetary sum is simply defined as being of gold, chrusion.

CHRUSION EPISEMON

This refers to a payment where the monetary sum consisted of coined gold and is referred to as chrusion episemon.

CHRUSOS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the gold stater, the chrusos.

DARIC

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the gold daric.

DARIC STATER

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the daric stater.

DEKADRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the dekadrachma.

DEMETRIAN DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Demetrian’.

DENARIUS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the Roman denarius.

DIDRACHMON

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the didrachm.

DIOBOL

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the diobol.

DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma.

DRACHMA (OF BRONZE)

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as being in bronze specie.

DRACHMA ENTELES

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘enteles’, presumably in reference to its character as an unblemished and full-weight coin.

EPICHORIC DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as being of a local, epichoric, type.

EUBOIAN MINA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the mina, defined as ‘Euboian’.

HEMICHRUSOS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the gold half-stater, the hemichrusos.

HEMIDARIC

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the gold half-daric, the hemidaric.

HEMIEKTON

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the hemiekton denomination, presumably a fraction of the Kyzikene stater.

HEMIEKTON CHRYSOU

This refers to a monetary sum expressed as consisting of a hemiekton of a gold chrusos.

HEMIMINA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the hemimina, a half-mina.

HEMIOBOL

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the hemiobol.

HEMISTATER

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the hemistater, a half-stater.

KISTOPHOROS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the kistophoros.

KITHAREPHORIC DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘kitharephoric’.

KORINTHIAN DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Korinthian’.

KYZIKENE STATER

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the stater, defined as ‘Kyzikene’.

LIGHT RHODIAN DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘light Rhodian’.

MILESIAN DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Milesian’.

MINA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the mina.

NEW RHODIAN PLINTHORIC TALENT

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the talent, defined as ‘new Rhodian plinthophoric’.

NOMISMA

This refers to a payment where coinage is simply referred to as coinage, nomisma.

OBOL

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the obol.

OBOL UNIT

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the obol-unit, but is designated by symbols whose exact meaning, and hence the size of such units, is unclear.

OLD RHODIAN DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘old Rhodian’.

PENTAMINA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the pentamina, a five-mina unit.

PENTEMIEKTON

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the pentemiekton denomination, presumably a fraction of the Kyzikene stater.

PENTEKTE

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the pentekte denomination, presumably a fraction of the Kyzikene stater.

PHILIPPIC STATER

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the stater, defined as ‘Philippic’.

PHOKAIAN STATER

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the stater, defined as ‘Phokaian’.

PLINTHOPHORIC DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘plinthophoric’.

PTOLEMAIC DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Ptolemaic’.

RHODIAN DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘Rhodian’.

SAMIAN STATER

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the stater, defined as ‘Samian’.

SESTERTIUS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the Roman sestertius.

SIGLOS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the siglos.

STATER

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the stater.

STATER PATRIOS

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the stater, defined as being ‘ancestral’, patrios.

SUMMACHIC DRACHMA

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the drachma, defined as ‘summachic’.

TALENT

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the talent.

TETARTE (COIN)

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the gold quarter-stater, the tetarte, as distinct from a payment made out of a ¼ sum of commodity (see TETARTE).

TRIOBOL

This refers to a monetary sum expressed in the denomination of the triobol.

AMPHORISKOS

This refers to a sum of liquid commodity defined in terms of an amphoriskos.

AMPHOURION

This refers to a tax defined as an amphourion, a tax on transferring property through sale.

APARCHE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax specified as comprising the first-fruits of a harvest.

ARTABA

This refers to an amount of grain defined in terms of an artaba, a measure of grain.

ATTIC MEDIMNOS

This refers to an amount of grain defined in terms of a medimnos, defined as ‘Attic’.

CHOINIX

This refers to a sum of commodity defined in terms of a choinix.

DEKATE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being a proportionate sum of 1/10, a tithe.

DEKATON

This refers to a sum of interest defined as being a tenth of the sum of the capital.

DODEKATE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being a proportionate sum of 1/12, dodekate.

EIKOSTE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being an eikoste, a proportionate sum of 1/20, or 5%.

EPIKEPHALAION

This refers to an amount of tax defined as being an epikephalaion, or capital tax.

HEKATOSTE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being a proportionate sum of 1/100, 1%.

HEMIEKTON

This refers to a sum of commodity defined in terms of a hemiekton.

HEMIMEDIMNOS

This refers to an amount of grain defined in terms of a hemi-medimnos, a half-medimnos.

HEMISUKTEUS

This refers to a sum of commodity defined as being a hemisukteus in size.

HEXAKOSTE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being a proportionate sum of 1/60, hexakoste.

KUPROS

This refers to an amount of grain defined in terms of a kupros, a measure of grain.

LITRA

This refers to a sum of commodity defined in terms of a litra.

MEDIMNOS

This refers to an amount of grain defined in terms of a medimnos.

METRETES

This refers to a sum of liquid commodity defined in terms of a metretes.

METRON

This refers to an amount of grain defined in terms of a metron.

MODIUS

This refers to an amount of grain defined in terms of a modius.

ORGUIA

This refers to a plot of land defined in terms of an orguia.

PEMPTE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being a proportionate sum of 1/5, 20%.

PLETHRON

This refers to a plot of land defined in terms of a plethron.

POUS

This refers to a plot of land defined in terms of a foot, a pous.

SCHOINOS

This refers to a plot of land defined in terms of a schoinos.

TESSARAKOSTE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being a proportionate sum of 1/40.

TETARTE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being a proportionate sum of 1/4 (as distinct from TETARTE (COIN)).

TETARTEUS

This refers to a sum of grain defined in terms of a quarter-medimnos, a tetarteus.

TRIAKOSTE

This refers to a sum of commodity or amount of tax defined as being a proportionate sum of 1/30.

UNCERTAIN

This refers to a sum of money for which an amount is provided, but the currency or unit of measure is unknown.